Fluoridation is one of the most effective caries prevention strategies and has been widely applied in public health. Fluoride can be administered through two main approaches: systemic fluoridation and topical fluoridation. Each method has different mechanisms, modes of action, and levels of effectiveness, making it important to understand the advantages of each approach in preventing caries across different age groups.
Systemic Fluoridation
Systemic fluoridation involves the internal administration of fluoride, such as through fluoridated drinking water, fluoride supplements, or foods and beverages that naturally contain fluoride. Absorbed fluoride becomes incorporated into the structure of developing teeth, making enamel more resistant to demineralization after eruption. This method is particularly effective for children, especially during the permanent tooth formation stage. However, systemic fluoridation requires careful monitoring to prevent excessive fluoride exposure, which may lead to fluorosis.
Topical Fluoridation
In contrast, topical fluoridation acts directly on the surface of erupted teeth. It is available in various forms, including fluoride toothpaste, mouth rinses, gels, varnishes, and professional clinical applications. This method enhances enamel remineralization after acid exposure and inhibits the activity of plaque-forming bacteria. A study entitled “The Effect of 1 Percent Sodium Fluoride Topical Application on Salivary Fluoride Levels and the Number of Alpha Streptococcus Bacterial Colonies in Dental Plaque (A Study of Girls Aged 6–8 Years at Bin Baz Islamic Boarding School)” by FKG UGM student Agustin Lis Setyorini, supervised by drg. Rinaldi Budi Utomo, MS., SpKGA(K), demonstrated that topical application increased fluoride levels in saliva and reduced specific plaque bacteria, reinforcing its effectiveness in caries
Effectiveness
In terms of effectiveness, systemic fluoridation provides long-term protection from the tooth development stage, while topical fluoridation is more effective in addressing ongoing caries challenges on tooth surfaces. A combination of both approaches can offer maximum benefits, but must be tailored to individual conditions, age, caries risk, and healthcare access.
Overall, both systemic and topical fluoridation play important roles in caries prevention. The most effective approach is a comprehensive strategy that integrates oral health education, appropriate use of fluoride products, and professional supervision to prevent excessive fluoride exposure. With proper understanding, fluoride can be used optimally and safely to maintain lifelong dental health.
References
SETYORINI, Agustin Lis, drg. Rinaldi Budi Utomo, MS.,SpKGA(K), Pengaruh topikal aplikasi sodium fluoride 1 persen terhadap kadar fluor dalam saliva dan jumlah koloni bakteri streptococcus alpha pada plak gigi :: Kajian pada anak perempuan umur 6-8 tahun di Pesantren Bin Baz, https://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/penelitian/detail/48709
Author: Rizky B. Hendrawan | Photo: Freepik
