One of the main challenges in using biomaterials for prosthetic systems is biofilm formation. Biofilm is a community of microorganisms adhering to biomaterial surfaces, protected by the extracellular polymer matrix they produce. The presence of biofilms on prosthetic surfaces, such as dentures, implants, or restorations, can reduce surface durability, trigger inflammation, and even lead to clinical failure.
Biofilms and Challenges in Prosthetic Systems
Biofilms that form on prosthetic surfaces are difficult to remove through conventional cleaning. Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis, for example, are oral bacteria that play important roles in early colonization and biofilm formation. Interactions between biofilms and biomaterials can accelerate degradation, increase the risk of infection, and shorten prosthetic lifespan.
Biomaterials and Antibiofilm Innovation
Research continues to advance in developing biomaterials with antibiofilm properties. One innovative approach is the use of natural materials based on chitosan, derived from fishery waste such as shrimp shells.
As demonstrated in research conducted by Tira Aisah Puspasari, a student at the Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, under the supervision of Prof. drg. Tetiana Haniastuti, M.Kes., Ph.D. and Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Triana Hertiani, S.Si., M.Si., Apt., entitled “The Potential of Nanocitosan from Giant Freshwater Prawn Shells in Inhibiting the Formation and Degradation of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis Biofilms”, nanocitosan has antibacterial activity and can effectively inhibit biofilm formation. This study highlights that nanocitosan has potential as an additive material in the development of modern prosthetic biomaterials.
Challenges and Future Prospects
Although various biomaterial innovations have been developed, major challenges remain, such as:
- Long-term durability of biomaterials in the oral environment.
- Risk of microbial resistance to antibiofilm agents.
- Balancing mechanical, aesthetic, and biocompatibility properties of biomaterials.
In the future, the integration of nanotechnology, natural biopolymers, and biomaterial surface engineering will play a crucial role in creating prosthetic systems that are more resistant to biofilm formation.
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Biofilm remains one of the biggest threats to the success of prosthetic systems. However, innovations in biomaterials, particularly through the use of nanocitosan from biological waste, open new opportunities to improve prosthetic surface durability. With continued research, future prosthetic systems are expected to combine mechanical strength, aesthetics, biocompatibility, and biofilm resistance.
References
Tira Aisah Puspasari, Prof. drg. Tetiana Haniastuti, M. Kes., Ph. D; Prof Dr. rer. nat. Triana Hertiani S. Si., M. Si., Apt., The Potential of Nanocitosan from Giant Freshwater Prawn Shells in Inhibiting the Formation and Degradation of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis Biofilms, https://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/penelitian/detail/219362
Author: Rizky B. Hendrawan | Photo: Freepik
